Operators
( - the function call operator - has higher precedence than ++ and --, but lower precedence than [.
Therefore you can do the following:
<?php
$func[0] = 'exit';
$func[0]();
?>
But the following will cause a syntax error:
<?php
function func() {
return array('string');
}
func()[0];
?>
Operator Precedence
The precedence of an operator specifies how "tightly" it binds two expressions together. For example, in the expression 1 + 5 * 3, the answer is 16 and not 18 because the multiplication ("*") operator has a higher precedence than the addition ("+") operator. Parentheses may be used to force precedence, if necessary. For instance: (1 + 5) * 3 evaluates to 18.
When operators have equal precedence, their associativity decides whether they are evaluated starting from the right, or starting from the left - see the examples below.
The following table lists the operators in order of precedence, with the highest-precedence ones at the top. Operators on the same line have equal precedence, in which case associativity decides the order of evaluation.
| Associativity | Operators | Additional Information |
|---|---|---|
| non-associative | clone new | clone and new |
| left | [ | array() |
| non-associative | ++ -- | increment/decrement |
| right | ~ - (int) (float) (string) (array) (object) (bool) @ | types |
| non-associative | instanceof | types |
| right | ! | logical |
| left | * / % | arithmetic |
| left | + - . | arithmetic și string |
| left | << >> | bitwise |
| non-associative | < <= > >= <> | comparison |
| non-associative | == != === !== | comparison |
| left | & | bitwise și references |
| left | ^ | bitwise |
| left | | | bitwise |
| left | && | logical |
| left | || | logical |
| left | ? : | ternary |
| right | = += -= *= /= .= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>= => | assignment |
| left | and | logical |
| left | xor | logical |
| left | or | logical |
| left | , | many uses |
For operators of equal precedence, left associativity means that evaluation proceeds from left to right, and right associativity means the opposite.
Example #1 Associativity
<?php
$a = 3 * 3 % 5; // (3 * 3) % 5 = 4
$a = true ? 0 : true ? 1 : 2; // (true ? 0 : true) ? 1 : 2 = 2
$a = 1;
$b = 2;
$a = $b += 3; // $a = ($b += 3) -> $a = 5, $b = 5
// mixing ++ and + produces undefined behavior
$a = 1;
echo ++$a + $a++; // may print 4 or 5
?>
Notă:
Although = has a lower precedence than most other operators, PHP will still allow expressions similar to the following: if (!$a = foo()), in which case the return value of foo() is put into $a.
add a note
User Contributed Notes
Operator Precedence
Christopher Schramm
02-Jul-2011 09:29
charles at pilger dot com dot br
09-Feb-2011 12:00
Be very careful with the precedence. See this code:
<?php
$a = 1;
$b = null;
$c = isset($a) && isset($b);
$d = ( isset($a) and isset($b) );
$e = isset($a) and isset($b);
var_dump($a, $b, $c, $d, $e);
?>
Result:
int(1)
NULL
bool(false)
bool(false)
bool(true) <==
kiamlaluno at avpnet dot org
12-Jul-2010 04:41
Be careful of the difference between
<?php
$obj = new class::$staticVariable();
?>
<?php
$value = class::$staticVariable();
?>
In the first case, the object class will depend on the static variable class::$staticVariable, while in the second case it will be invoked the method whose name is contained in the variable $staticVariable.
headden at karelia dot ru
09-Jun-2009 04:02
Although example above already shows it, I'd like to explicitly state that ?: associativity DIFFERS from that of C++. I.e. convenient switch/case-like expressions of the form
$i==1 ? "one" :
$i==2 ? "two" :
$i==3 ? "three" :
"error";
will not work in PHP as expected
Pies
08-Feb-2009 11:22
You can use the "or" and "and" keywords' lower precedence for a bit of syntax candy:
<?php
$page = (int) @$_GET['page'] or $page = 1;
?>